I don't know much about cucumber growing but it looks like some kind of mite damage on the leaves, a quick google search said that aphids can be black like the little bugs in your picture but I haven't seen aphid damage like that before. Without prior knowledge (I do plant to plant cucumbers this year though) I'd be inclined to spray a light solution of epsom salts on both sides of the leaves and see if the damage is halted or not, certainly spray the solution on the soil under the plants as some critters lay their eggs in the soil and then hatch, emerge and climb right up your plants!!
Sorry I can't give any definite answers, only vague suggestions